Despite the availability of various scientific-research infrastructures in Ilam University, the number of start-ups and student-based companies is few. It seems that one of the expected functions of the university can be to set up and develop student work teams in the form of various working groups and startups.The aim of this study was to identify the inhibitors of student teamwork in Agriculture faculty of Ilam University Ilam University.Qualitative research methodology and among the qualitative methods, phenomenological method has been used. Participants in the study were 18 students and faculty members of Ilam University who were selected and studied by sampling method. Data collection tool was semi structured intervie.the criterion for the end of sampling and the number of people studied was saturation data theoretical. Data analysis was performed using coding and categorization and Using Max Kyoda software version 12 is done. Reliability (accuracy of findings from the perspective of the researcher and participants) was used to confirm the validity and reliability of the findings. Based on the research results, 31 categories were identified as inhibitors of student teamwork in the form of four axes: individual, structural, contextual and the nature of work. It is suggested that the number of entrepreneurial events in Ilam University be increased in order to acquaint students with the methods of idea generation and identifying entrepreneurial opportunities. Also introduce successful models of student teamwork of other universities to students.

This qualitative study sought for investigating the challenge and benefits of lunching agricultural production projects from the view of members' cooperative 4802, faculty Agriculture at Razi University. 40 participants of member cooperatives' 4802 have selected by criterion sampling. Semistructured interviews was used to gathering data and after that the data analyzed by content analysis. Based on the finding, members' cooperative 4802 have faced different challenges such as: interfering with the curriculum and student dropout, failure to cooperate with different Organs, Failure to provide student financial benefits, difficulty in selling and marketing, failure of student frustration, lack of facilities and equipment, and pressure on the student. Furthermore, participant believe that this cooperative has bring benefits like; enhancing students' practical skills and abilities, reliability of future income sources, increased self-confidence, mood of independence, synergy, opportunity for implementation of theoretical knowledge, familiarity with new idea and emergence of creativity and innovation. Finally, all of benefits & challenges have ranked by Paired Comparison Matrix. Also some recommendations have suggested for planners & decision makers.

Sustainable agricultural development requires the use of skilled and expert human resources in agriculture. Student farms are sites of agricultural production and marketing. The purpose of this study was to analyze challenges facing student farms and strategies for development of such farms. The population for this study consisted of students who were members of student farm in College of Agriculture and Natural Resources at Razi University in the academic year 2019-2020 (N=140). The sample size determined via Krejcie and Morgan’, s table (n=103). The sampling method was random stratified sampling. The main instrument was a questionnaire that its validity and reliability were confirmed by the panel of experts and sequential Alpha coefficient (α, =0. 85). Semi-structured interviews and content analysis were used to identify the strategies to develop student farms. Based on the findings, the average challenges of student farms was above moderate level. Exploratory factor analysis revealed the most important of challenges as economic, educational, administrative-managerial and human resources. The Mann-Whitney test findings did not show significant difference between the viewpoints of male and female students regarding the challenges of student farms. Based on Kruskal-Wallis test, it was found that there was no significant difference between educational degrees and fields of agricultural students towards the challenges of student farms. Finally, some strategies are proposed to develop the student farms.

Multifunctional agriculture (MFA) has emerged as a keyconcept in science and politics with respect to the futureof agriculture and rural development in the recent decade. Overall, MFA implies that in addition to their main function inproduction and support of rural livelihood, the agricultural activitieshave some other advantages for the environmentincluding the conservation of water and soil resources and theenhancement of food security. This paper takes a look at thebenefits of MFA as a concept and path toward agricultural developmentfrom an integrated perspective within the frameworkof sustainable development. Also, it tries to clarify the distinctionbetween MFA and conventional agriculture in sustainable developmentapproaches.

Background: The agricultural sector is a crucial component of a nation's economy, playing an indispensable role in its economic development. This sector not only ensures food security but also provides employment opportunities and contributes to rural development. The integration of technology into agriculture is vital for increasing production, enhancing efficiency, and facilitating access to global markets. Recent advances in emerging technologies have led to a significant paradigm shift within the agricultural landscape. This transformation, driven by digital technologies, is increasingly recognized as a flexible and sustainable solution for modernizing agricultural practices. This research aims to investigate technological trends and their functions in the agricultural value chain, ultimately facilitating a successful transition to smart agriculture. By exploring these trends, the study seeks to highlight the potential benefits of adopting innovative technologies in agriculture, including improved productivity, better resource management, and enhanced sustainability. Methods: This research is practical in its objectives and systematic in its approach to data collection. The statistical population includes all English-language articles published in the field of smart agriculture between 2011 and 2022, sourced from the Web of Science and Scopus databases. In the initial phase, 3,257 articles were identified and analyzed using Vos Viewer for scientometric analysis. This software allows for the visualization of scientific data and the mapping of research trends, providing insights into the evolution of the field. Following this analysis, the research question was formulated, and the Prisma approach was applied to refine the selection of articles. Ultimately, 33 articles were chosen for a comprehensive qualitative study. This combination of quantitative and qualitative methodologies enables a thorough exploration of the topic, offering both statistical insights and in-depth analyses of the selected literature. Results: In the quantitative section of this research, knowledge maps were utilized to illustrate the growth trend of scientific articles in the field of smart agriculture. This analysis included the identification of key journals, research centers, and active countries contributing to this body of work. Furthermore, the study pinpointed authors with the highest publication outputs and assessed scientific networks to evaluate their influence within the field. The results indicate a growing interest in smart agriculture, reflected in the increasing number of publications and collaborations among researchers. In the qualitative section, the research findings reveal that the Internet of Things (IoT) is the most significant technological domain in the agricultural sector. IoT enables the interconnectivity of devices and systems, facilitating real-time data collection and monitoring, which are essential for informed decision-making in agriculture. Other important technologies identified include artificial intelligence, machine learning, big data analytics, blockchain technology, wireless sensor networks, remote sensing, various types of sensors, cloud computing, fog and edge computing, and low-power wide-area networks. These technologies can be categorized into four primary groups based on their functionalities: data collection, computation and communication, data security and integration, and prediction and classification. Data collection technologies facilitate the gathering of agricultural data from various sources, enabling farmers to make data-driven decisions. Computation and communication tools process and transmit data efficiently, ensuring timely access to critical information. Data security and integration solutions protect sensitive agricultural data while integrating various systems for seamless operation. Prediction and classification technologies assist in forecasting agricultural trends and categorizing data for better management practices. The insights generated from this research are expected to serve as a critical foundation for managers and policymakers. Understanding the current technological landscape will enable them to formulate strategies, policies, and development programs that effectively leverage these innovations to enhance productivity and sustainability in the agricultural sector. Conclusion: Based on the identified trends, it is clear that government intervention is essential for fostering the development of smart agriculture. By adopting strategic measures and creating appropriate frameworks, the government can significantly contribute to this sector's advancement. Key actions include developing technical infrastructure, investing in human capital, supporting research and development initiatives, encouraging smart agricultural practices, providing financial support, and establishing guaranteed markets for agricultural products. These efforts will not only enhance productivity in the agricultural sector but also promote sustainable development, ultimately leading to an improvement in the country's capabilities. The transition to smart agriculture represents a significant opportunity to address the challenges faced by the agricultural sector, including climate change, resource scarcity, and the need for increased food production. By embracing technological advancements and fostering an environment conducive to innovation, nations can ensure the long-term viability and competitiveness of their agricultural industries. In summary, the findings of this study underscore the importance of technological integration within the agricultural value chain. As the sector continues to evolve, stakeholders must remain vigilant and adaptive to emerging trends, ensuring that they harness the full potential of technology to drive growth and sustainability. Future research should continue to explore the impacts of these technologies on agricultural practices and investigate additional strategies for enhancing their adoption across diverse agricultural contexts. This comprehensive approach will not only benefit individual farmers but also contribute to the broader economic and social well-being of communities, ultimately paving the way for a more resilient and sustainable agricultural future.

Leadership competencies are effective factors for the success of agricultural managers. The experts in the field of management and leadership believe that these competencies are usually acquisitive and should be transferred to, or enhanced in students. The identification and development of student leadership competencies have often been neglected in Iran's higher agricultural education system. The purpose of this study was to identify the required leadership competencies in agricultural students from the perspective of university faculties and to determine the current and ideal status of leadership competencies in categories of knowledge, attitude and skill. To provide a list of leadership competencies for agricultural students, the data were collected through semistructured interviews with 14 faculty members who were expert in the field of leadership development. The population of the second part of the study consisted of 108 student members of agricultural science associations of Shiraz University. Out of them, 84 students were selected using simple random sampling and the data were collected through structured interviews. The research findings led to the explanation of three subcategories for knowledge competencies, nine basic concepts in the cognitive category, and finally four subcategories of skill competencies. Also, the research findings indicated that there is a significant difference between the means of current and ideal status of student leadership competencies in each of three categories of knowledge, attitude, and leadership skill. Finally, the overall rankings for each category of the leadership competencies were determined. According to the findings, agricultural students are currently facing shortcomings in terms of developing leadership competencies. Therefore, it is suggested that the training priorities of students in the field of development of leadership competencies should be considered more seriously in the future curriculum planning.

The present study was carried out with the aim of investigating factors affecting entrepreneurial intentions of female agricultural students. The study was based on survey research method. The study population was female undergraduate students of Sari Agricultural and Natural Resource Science and Sari Payam-e-Noor Universities who were selected by applying proportional stratified sampling technique. Sample size for the students was 88 persons. A questionnaire was developed to interview the subjects of the study. Then, the data was analyzed using SPSS/WIN software. Results revealed that there was a positive significant relationship between entrepreneurial intentions of students and their self-efficacy, social norm, entrepreneurial skills, motivation, independency, the perception of desirability, expectancy and creativeness. Stepwise regression analysis indicated that 60.2% of variation in the entrepreneurial intentions of students is explained by 3 variables, namely: the perception of the desirability, social norm and family size.

Based on Kolb's theory of learning and teaching a Post-test Group Design was applied to investigate the effect of congruent/ incongruent teaching and learning styles on students' performance at the faculties of Agriculture and Natural Resources at the University of Kurdistan, Iran in 2007. Using SPSS software descriptive statistics, Ttest and MANOVA were employed in analyzing the data. Results showed that: 1- the dominant learning styles among male and female students are Accommodator and Assimilator ones respectively; 2- the main teaching style among teachers is Assimilator which is in line with the female students' learning style; 3- Congruency between teachers' learning style and students' learning style exerts a positive significant effect on students' performance. The result could be used to improve the quality of teaching and learning at the faculties of Agriculture and Natural Resources at the University of Kurdistan, Iran.

The concept of sustainable development was defined in 1987 by the World Commission on Environment and Development (The Brundtland Commission) for which it «meets the need of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.» Sustainability is a concept and cannot be measured directly. Appropriate indicators must be selected to determine levels and duration of sustainability. The objective of this study is to evaluate selected criteria and indicators of agricultural sustainability (with emphasis on economics indicators) at the national level. A sustainable agriculture must sustain the economic viability of the farming operation. The 2007 Iran census indicated approximately 20 million or 31 percent of the population live on rural. This paper presents economics factors of agriculture sustainable development for the years 2003 and 2007. It has used four indicators of agriculture productions insurance, Non-farms income, Profit margin and production productivity (product in surface). The sustainability index suggests that Iran agriculture is only slightly sustainable. On the basis of the indicators analyzed above, the Iran agriculture (economics sustainability) tends towards slightly sustainable: insufficient agriculture productions insurance, low income farms, low stability of the indexes of per capita production and low investment rate of return.